RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prison populations are at high risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, incidence, HBV associated factors and circulating genotypes/subtypes. METHODS: A total of 3,368 prisoners from 12 closed prisons were randomly recruited for a cross-sectional study. In addition, a cohort study was conducted 12 months later and included 1,656 individuals. Participants underwent an interview and blood collection for the detection of HBV serological markers and HBV-DNA phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: HBV exposure (anti-HBc+) was 9.8% (95% CI: 8.8-10.8); 11.2% were female and 9.6% were male. HBsAg+ was 0.6%. Only 31.4% of the participants had HBV vaccination-like profile (anti-HBs+ alone; 30.4% male vs. 36.8% female; p=0.004). Most individuals were susceptible to HBV (60.2% female vs. 52.2% male, p=0.001). HBV isolates were classified as genotypes A (45.4%), D (27.3%) and F (27.3%). In males, HBV exposure was associated with increased age. Male prisoners had more evidence of HCV/HBV co-infection (10.7%) than females (3.4%) and the frequency of Treponema pallidum infection among prisoners who had been exposed to HBV was higher in female prisoners when compared with male (39.7% vs. 19.1%). The incidence of HBV was 0.18/100 person-years (95% CI: 0.12%-0.25%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a high prevalence of HBV exposure in prisoners. Despite the low incidence of this infection, the occurrence of new cases indicates the need to implement preventive measures.
Assuntos
Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Prisioneiros , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Genótipo , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite B/sangue , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite B/classificação , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Prevalência , Testes Sorológicos , Fatores Sexuais , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Treponema pallidumRESUMO
AIMS: To evaluate the potential use of synthetic oligonucleotides as a standard curve for proviral load (PVL) of human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) quantification in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HTLV-1-infected individuals by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Synthetic oligonucleotides based on HTLV-1 genome were customized to use as a standard curve. Twelve anti-HTLV-1-positive samples with known HTLV-1 PVL, previously quantified by qPCR assay using TARL-2 cells as a conventional standard curve, were submitted to the new protocol. The proviral quantification levels had a high concordance with qPCR results using a conventional standard curve. The results demonstrate that the conventional standard curve can be replaced by a synthetic standard curve due to its ability to quantification based on the linearity and qPCR efficiency and similar results with a validated qPCR assay using a conventional standard curve. CONCLUSIONS: Synthetic oligonucleotides standard curves could be a very useful tool on HTLV-1 diagnosis and absolute HTLV-1 PVL quantification. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: HTLV-1 PVL determination using synthetic oligonucleotides standard curve by qPCR could be a helpful alternative for the laboratories that monitor infected patients as an important prognostic factor in HTLV-1-associated diseases progression. Also, it can decrease costs and overcome the biological limitations of the plasmid curve.
Assuntos
Infecções por HTLV-I/diagnóstico , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Provírus/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Carga Viral/métodos , Adulto , DNA Viral/genética , Progressão da Doença , Genoma Viral/genética , Infecções por HTLV-I/sangue , Infecções por HTLV-I/virologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oligonucleotídeos/síntese química , Oligonucleotídeos/genética , Prognóstico , Provírus/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/normas , Carga Viral/normasRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho e comparar tres procedimentos terapeuticos para se instalar comportamentos verbais ecoico e de designacao de objetos em uma adolescencia de 17 anos, que apresentava interrupcao da fala desde os dois anos e meio de idade: o reforcamento positivo, a modelacao e o emparelhamento de estimulos discriminativos, acompanhado de reforco. Para avaliacao dos resultados obtidos e comparacao dos tres procedimentos, foi utilizado um delineamento de caso unico do tipo A-B, adaptado para incluir as tres intervencoes. Os resultados mostram que nas fases de reforcamento positivo e de modelacao, nao se observa aumento de frequencia do comportamento verbal. Somente apos introducao do procedimento de emparelhamento de estimulos, observa-se aumento da frequencia de respostas, atingindo-se 100 por cento de respostas ecoicas corretas, apos 19 sessoes e o mesmo ocorrendo com respostas de designacao de objetos apos 33 sessoes. O presente trabalho mostra que quando o comportamento ecolatico do sujeito esta circunscrito a um unico modelo, torna-se necessario emparelhar os estimulos deste modelo ao do terapeuta para se obter a transferencia do controle de estimulo verbais e assim se obter a aquisicao dos comportamentos-alvo.
